daisy님의 이글루

From Jack M. Balkin and Beth Simone Noveck, eds.
The State of Play: Law and Virtual Worlds

Yochai Benkler

Virtual worlds are like The Matrix. The answer to the question: “Who should own this spoon, the provider or the user?” is, there is no spoon. Once you understand this, the discussions of “virtual worlds” bring about an eerie déjà vu--“it feels like you’re in a room,” it’s a “virtual community,” we should have a “declaration of independence” for “new spaces for selfgovernance”. There is code, interface, and the social relations they make possible. There is no “governance of a virtual world.” There is simply the question of governance in the relations among users of a class of software platforms that have certain degrees of freedom in their design, resulting in a variety of social affordances, and therefore facilitating a variety of social and economic interactions.

The phenomena that fall under the moniker of “virtual worlds” combine three discrete components that tend to be confused in the debate over property and governance relations among the users of these software platforms. First,the interface. They offer richly instantiated renderings of the communications of users and the interactions among them. Second, these interfaces were initially developed, and have received widest adoption, as platforms for immersive human play. And third, they have begun to be used as platforms for other types of human connection, most clearly and distinctly for collaborative creativity, on the one hand, and as both platforms for and objects of trade, on the other hand.

To analyze the proper institutional arrangement for the various social relations mediated by the software platforms we now call “virtual worlds” we have to get rid of the fascination with the rendering. Really. There is no spoon. When a richly rendered collaboration platform is used by its users to co-author a story--as when users of Second Life “build” a “town” with a theme--it is a platform that is part of a category with Wikis, parts of the blogoshpere, or Slash. That is, it is a form of social software, mediating a social relation among individuals who have no preexisting relations, and are weakly-tied through a group interaction whose stickiness comes from the possibility of shared efficacy among its users. When the rich rendering is a fancy front end for an online store, whether for mail-order real things or for “downloads” of music, patterns, or ......

참고 URL : http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/jbalkin/telecom/yochaibenkerthereisnospoon.pdf

# by Daisy | 2008/10/30 13:52 | 트랙백 | 덧글(0)

Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks (네트워크의 부)

미디어가 많은 사람들에게 부를 주고, 새로운 아이디어를 창출하는데 큰 일조를 하고 있는 것에 이의를 두는 사람은 별로 없을 것이다. 영리를 목적으로 하는것이 아닌 UCC와 같은 일반 대충들의 참여가 많은 사람들에게 회자되고 있고 이슈가 되기도 한다. 또한 개인적인 미니홈피가 블로그와 같은 미디어가 많은 사람들의 공론장이 되기도 한다. 이제는 우리 개인도 정치가 못지않게 인터넷을 통해 그들보다 더 큰 영향력을 끼칠수도 있는 새로운 권력을 가진 파워있는 인터넷 정치가가 된 것이라고 생각한다.

하지만 인터넷과 같은 브로드밴드 네트워크를 통해 광범인한 정보가 주인없이 떠돌고 있고, 자신들이 제공한 정보가 제한없이 전송되는 것을 바라보는 기존 권력과 충돌함으로써 텔레커뮤니케이션, 저작권법 등과 대립하는 문제가 생기고 있다. 기존의 미디어들이 몇 년 전부터 저작권 등의 권리를 운운하며 뉴미디어의 등장 이후 기하급수적으로 퍼져나가는 정보의 유출을 통제함으로써 자신들의 권력을 다시 찾는데 힘쓰고 있는데 그것이 과연 그들에게 마이너스가 되는 것인지, 아니면 오히려 플러스가 되고 있는지는 좀 더 생각해봐야할 문제인것 같다.

Benkler argues that the change brought about by the networked information environment is deep, going to the very foundations of how liberal markets and liberal democracies have coevolved for almost two centuries, increasing the role of nonmarket and nonproprietary production. Emergence of the networked information economy features, first, an economy centered on information and cultural production, and the manipulation of symbols; second, a shift to a communications environment built on cheap processors with high computation capabilities, interconnected in a pervasive network, the Internet; third, human creativity and the economics of information itself are becoming the core structuring facts in the new networked information economy, giving rise to effective, large-scale cooperative efforts—peer production of information, knowledge, and culture.

The networked information environment makes culture more transparent and more malleable, giving rise to a new folk culture in which many more of us participate actively in making cultural moves and finding meaning in the world around us. If this new culture defeats the `permission culture’ anticipated by the industrial information economy, it will be a triumph for freedom and justice in liberal societies. Benkler’s liberalism is pleasingly spiced by judicious pinches of libertarianism, anarchism, and participatory democracy. His background in law and economics checks his cultural-idealist tendencies.

# by Daisy | 2008/10/30 13:24 | 트랙백 | 덧글(0)

Citizen Journalism Going Beyond the Mainstream?

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Going Beyond the Mainstream?

An International Study on Online Citizen Journalism

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시민저널리즘(Civic journalism, Public journalism, Citizen journalism)이 어느 때보다 시민의 권리 추구와 문제제기 등 날카로운 시선으로 미디어의 주요한 흐름을 주도하고 있다. 특히 우리나라나 미국과 같이 인터넷이 활발한 나라에서는 기사의 큰 부분을 시민저널리즘이 차지하고 있다는데 이견이 없을 것이다. 이 인터넷의 확산으로 인해 더 활발한 커뮤니티가 형성되고 다양한 사람들이 각종 의제에 대해서 참여하고 또 하나의 새로운 문화를 형성했다. 하지만 최근 익명성과 전문성 없는 다양한 부류의 사람들로 인해 이제는 각종 난관에 부딪쳤다고 생각한다. 최근 배우 최진실씨의 죽음처럼 아무런 제재없는 무방비 속에서 근거 없는 루머들로 인해 유명인들이 피해의 대상이 되고 있기 때문이다. 당장은 유명인들이지만 이것이 지속되면 우리 모두가 피해자가 될 수 있다. 준비된 제도와 올바른 시민정신으로 시민저널리즘이 한 번 뒤돌아 보고 재정비할 기회가 온 것 같다.

Recent years have seen a development of online citizen journalism (also referred to as open, grassroots, people’s, or participatory journalism, to list but a few of its names), from blogs and user-created content on mainstream media to various participatory media. Facilitated by the Internet and having access to consumer-priced digital technology, some people are taking up opportunities to express themselves in the media to a potentially global audience.
Citizen journalism has attracted attention in public discussions in the past few years. In the debate, some have adopted an optimistic, some an unenthusiastic stance in relation to audiences’ ability to play a role in journalistic processes that have traditionally been seen as the domain of trained and skilled media professionals. Critics (e.g., Freedman, 2006; Keen, 2007; Lemann, 2006) tend to focus on what they perceive to be the varied quality of citizen journalism and its inability to offer a genuine alternative to mainstream media content. For optimists (e.g. Gillmor, 2006; Rosen, 2006), the Internet appears to present nearly limitless opportunities to democratise the media and to revitalise public communication through people’s participation in the media. Somewhere in between waver those mainstream media organisations that see value in their audiences’ contributions, such as photographs and video clips, but, it seems, only for as long as they are able to decide who can contribute, what and when. What is at stake in the debate is the role of citizen journalism in a struggle to democratise the media, which, as advocates of media activism argue, is suffering from a democratic deficit not least because profit making has come to outweigh public enlightenment.

(중략)

출처 : http://www.ox.ac.uk/
첨부 : ulla_rannikko_presentation_outline.doc
Ulla Rannikko
London School of Economics and Political Science
Outline for the presentation at the Oxford Internet Institute Summer Doctoral Programme on 16 July 2008

# by Daisy | 2008/10/06 13:32 | 트랙백 | 덧글(0)

[The Watchdog]잠비아, 감시자로서의 제 역할 잘 해나갈까?

Journalists in Zambia launch country's first breaking news site

The Watchdog

The site's primary aim is to cover news on a 24-hour basis – a rare objective in Zambia, its editor Lloyd Himaambo told Journalism.co.uk.

Newspapers in the country 'just upload content from hard copies', while other online news sites do not source their own content reverting to 'stale news', said Himaambo.

"Newspapers in Zambia are expensive and distribution sometimes is poor, so people may get the news late, but those who are connected to the internet can access the Watchdog free and get news fast."

... ...

"The biggest challenge we have in fully realising this dream is lack of proper equipment and unreliable internet connectivity," said Himaambo.

(중략)

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잠비아 저널리스트들이 "The Watchdog"이란 뉴스 사이트를 인터넷에 열었다.

잠비아는 아프리카에 있는 한 나라인데 식민 통치하의 독재에서 벗어난지도 얼마 안되고,

그러다보니 그 동안 얼마나많은 부정부패가 있었을까?

신문이 돈 주고 사기 힘들 정도로 비싼건가?;;;

그러다보니 사람들이 신속성이 생명인 뉴스를 나중에서야 접하게 되고...

인터넷 신문은 공짜고 빠르니 잠비아 언론이 제대로 서게될 계기가 될 것 같다.

그런데 신문이 그렇게 비싸다면 인터넷에 접속하는 건 더 힘들것 같아서

모순적으로 보이는데;;; 가장 큰 문제라고 언급하기도 했지만 사실 이해가 잘 안되는 부분이다.ㅋ

어쨌든 이제 언론이 나서서 이런 저런 문제들을 풀고자 하는 노력이 시작 되는것 같다.

새삼 우리 나라와 비교해 한국의 현재 인터넷 저널리즘과 그 영향력이 얼마나 앞서있는지

IT 강국임에 틀림없다는 생각도 문득~ㅎㅎㅎ

사실 The watchdog 보고 왠 신문 이름이.. ㅋㅋ 하며 관심갖고 본 기사인데 알고보니,

("watchdog" 감시견으로만 알고 있었는데;;) 신문에선 내가 몰랐던 이런 깊은 뜻이^^

한 사회의 발전과 미래를 향한

감시인(watchdog)으로서의 신문의 역할과 기능을 수행한다는 뭐 그런!!

*참고: 원문 URL http://www.journalism.co.uk/2/articles/532396.php

# by Daisy | 2008/09/30 01:54 | 트랙백 | 덧글(0)

Not who's a journalist, but what is journalism

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The Bigger Tent

Forget Who is a Journalist ; the important question is, what is journalism?

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I, Journalist

“Bloggers vs. journalists is over,” declared a January 2005 post by Jay Rosen,

a journalism professor at New York University who writes prolifically

about the new world of journalism at his site PressThink.

“The question now isn’t whether blogs can be journalism.

They can be, sometimes. It isn’t whether bloggers ‘are’ journalists.

They apparently are, sometimes. We have to ask different questions now

because events have moved the story forward.”

*참조: 원문 http://www.cjr.org/essay/the_bigger_tent_1.php?page=all

# by Daisy | 2008/09/23 13:01 | 트랙백 | 핑백(1) | 덧글(0)